Quantum cloning is a process that takes an arbitrary, unknown quantum state and makes an exact copy without altering the original state in any way.

Similarly, cloning would violate the no-teleportation theorem, which says that it is impossible to convert a quantum state into a sequence of classical bits (even an infinite sequence of bits), copy those bits to some new location, and recreate a copy of the original quantum state in the new location.

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Near-perfect copies of single photons have been made in the lab for the first time. Quantum systems cannot be cloned – or duplicated – perfectly, but the development of quantum cryptography and computing relies on a knowledge of exactly how well they can be copied.